ABSTRACT
Despite current aggressive regimens, the majority of patients with MYCN amplification die due to drug-resistant disease, and further intensification ofchemotherapy will not significantly improve this outcome. We propose an entirely novel strategy to oppose MYCN oncogenic function in NB: by blockingthe metabolic reprogramming driven by MYCN. Based on our data and the recent literature, our guiding hypotheses are that: a) lipid metabolism is requiredfor NB tumorigenesis, and b) targeting MYCN-driven lipogenesis will effectively block NB tumor growth. We have demonstrated that lipid metabolism is aselective metabolic dependency of MYCN-driven tumors. MYCN drives both fatty acid (FA) synthesis and FA uptake to maintain NB cell survival. TargetingFA uptake effectively blocks NB in vivo tumor growth.
ABSTRACT
Background. There is a significant and unmet need for pre-clinical models to predict responsiveness of immunotherapies to both severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Airway organoid models have been recently developed to study respiratory viruses;however, the current methods rely on invasive or biopsy derived samples to generate lung or airway organoids. Objective. To establish human nose organoids (HNOs) as a model to study SARS-CoV-2 and RSV pathogenesis and test therapeutics. Methods. We developed a non-invasive method to establish HNOs using stem cells isolated from nasal-wash and mid-turbinate samples. We made air liquid interface (ALI) cultures from undifferentiated 3-dimensional HNOs and differentiated for 21 days to form differentiated nasal epithelium. We inoculated the apical epithelium and assessed SARS-CoV-2 and RSV infection on the apical compartment using real time-polymerase chain reaction, plaque assays and immunofluorescence techniques. We then evaluated the feasibility of HNO-ALI model system to test the efficacy of serum antibodies to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and palivizumab monoclonal antibodies to prevent infection using palivizumab sensitive and resistant RSV strains. We introduced the antibodies in the basolateral compartment and monitored its neutralizing capacity on the apical side mimicking the neutralizing effects of antibodies in circulation. Results. Our HNO-ALI cultures consist of well-differentiated, pseudostratified, ciliated, and mucosal respiratory epithelial cells and are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, RSV A and B infection. SARS-CoV-2 and RSV replicates in the apical ciliated cells of the HNO-ALI cultures, peaks at 4 days, and plateaus at 8 days post infection. Infected HNO-ALI recapitulates aspects of SARS-CoV-2 and RSV disease, including viral shedding, asynchronous cilia beating/ciliary damage, and mucus hyper-secretion. Our model effectively showed protection to infection in a concentration dependent manner of the antibodies used. Conclusion. We established a non-invasive method to generate HNO-ALI epithelial model as an authentic and an alternative model to 1-D cell culture systems. Our ex-vivo HNO-ALI infection model provides a novel approach for testing therapeutic interventions.